Subak Pulagan, a Traditional Balinese Irrigation System, and its Relation to Tri Hita Karana

Subak, a traditional irrigation system in Bali based on the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana­three aspects of harmony that encompasses the relations of humans with the Creator (Parahyangan), with other humans (Pawongan), and with the surrounding environment (Palemahan). Subak Pulagan, one of the oldest Subaks recognised as a World Cultural Heritage Site, is located in Tampaksiring village, Gianyar Regency, Bali. The implementation of Parahyangan in this Subak is not much different from other Subaks, but the typical characteristic of Subak Pulagan is the existence of two main Pura (temples), namely, Pura Dalem Tambug and Pura Ulun Suwi which are located in the Subak area, and related to the history and ancestor of Tampaksiring Royals. In addition, the eels, snails, and rice specifically from Subak Pulagan are a prerequisite for any religious ceremonies. The implementation of Pawongan is regulated by traditional awig-awig system which consists of activities of the Pekaseh (Subak's Leader), Prajuru (administrators), and Krama (members). The implementation of Palemahan covers planting period, water management, and maintenance of existing water canals and other water work structures.Water distribution is carried out and supervised by the Deputy Pekaseh, called Pangliman. There is a plan to introduce Subak Pulagan as a World Cultural Heritage Site to both domestic and foreign tourists.